中国农业企业全要素生产率区域比较及驱动因素分析——基于1 126家国家重点龙头企业

使用2013—2015年农业产业化国家重点龙头企业数据,测度中国各地级市农业企业全要素生产率,并进行空间比较,在此基础上,并就影响中国农业企业全要素生产率的相关因素进行分析。结果显示:1)整体来看,2013—2015年中国农业企业全要素生产率变动幅度不大;2)从各省份来看,农业企业全要素生产率差异较为明显,仅有个别省份全要素生产率呈现递增趋势;从各地市来看,各地市农业企业全要素生产率空间差异大,但是各地市农业全要素生产率排名变化不大,全要素生产率处于中高水平以上的企业不多;3)从影响中国农业企业全要素生产率的因素来看,研发投入、要素密集度和企业规模对中国农业企业全要素生产率的影响为正,企业出口并未对农业企业全要素生产率起到推进作用。     

农机作业服务能提升小麦生产技术效率吗?——基于2007—2017年省级面板数据的实证分析

为了解农机作业服务的作用效果，基于中国15 个小麦主产省(自治区)2007—2017年面板数据，采用随机前沿生产函数对小麦生产技术效率进行估算，并运用Tobit模型分析影响小麦生产技术效率的因素，研究农机服务对技术效率的影响并解释其作用机制。结果表明:2007—2017年小麦生产技术效率逐年递增，各省间存在显著差异，且起点低的省份技术效率增长速度明显快于领先的省份，区域间不平衡逐步缩小；农机投入对小麦技术效率有显著正向影响，主要通过替代效应、技术效应及分工效应等路径优化小麦生产要素配置，获得小麦技术效率的提高。基于研究结论，提出建议如下:规范农机服务市场，健全农机社会化服务体系；优化农机补偿机制，提升政策作用的时效性。     

技术潜在效益认知与农业废弃物循环技术采纳行为——以桃枝废弃物循环为例

为推进农业废弃物循环技术采纳，提高资源利用效率，降低农业面源污染，以北京市平谷区大桃种植户的微观调研数据为样本，运用结构方程模型实证分析了技术潜在效益对桃枝废弃物循环技术采纳行为的影响。结果表明:1)社会效益认知、生态效益认知与采纳行为有正相关关系，作用机制生态效益认知>社会效益认知，经济效益与采纳行为呈负相关关系；2)社会效益认知对经济效益认知有正向影响，经济效益认知对生态效益认知有正向影响；3)促进农户对桃枝废弃物循环技术的采纳行为，将提高农户对该项技术的忠诚度。因此，本研究提出要发挥邻里带动作用，提高农户对技术效益的认知程度，通过制定差异化政策、加强产学研融合，促进农户对农业废弃物循环技术的采纳行为，推动绿色农业发展。     

新农科背景下《生物统计学与试验设计》教学模式改革

《生物统计学与试验设计》是种子科学与工程专业重要的专业基础课和专业主干课,是一门实践性较强的工具性学科,在教学过程中,逐步建立了以培养新型农林人才为目标的课程教学体系,教学方法多元化、重视实践教学、强化过程性考核,对学生实践能力的培养收到较好的教学效果。     

小农户在现代农业发展中的困境与出路——基于福建省漳州市的观察

在乡村振兴与农业现代化发展大背景下，小农户经营面临前所未有的挑战。对福建省漳州地区小农户发展现状的观察发现，受主客观条件制约，小农户在现代农业发展中面临缺乏面向大市场的议价决策能力，现代科技运用滞后，与大资本间利益连接机制不稳定，农业社会化服务体系不健全等一系列困境。因此，要通过提高小农户组织化程度，拓宽市场渠道，提升小农户发展现代农业的能力，完善农业社会化服务体系，拓宽农业功能等助力小农户融入中国农业现代化进程。     

基于Landsat和MODIS数据融合的农牧区NPP模拟

天山北坡是中国重要的农牧业发展基地,利用遥感数据准确获取植被净初级生产力(Net primary productivity,NPP)的时空信息,对于合理分配农牧业草地资源具有重要意义。由于受到天气影响及卫星传感器受到时间分辨率和空间分辨率的限制,获取既具有中空间分辨率、又具有高时间分辨率的遥感数据比较困难。本文基于中空间分辨率Landsat 8 OLI数据与高时间分辨率MODIS数据,采用遥感数据时空融合STARFM算法,获取中空间分辨率和高时间分辨率序列的遥感数据,以天山北坡中段区域为实验区,结合CASA模型,对区域内植被NPP进行模拟。结果表明,2016年内8个时期,融合后的NDVI数据与对应时刻的Landsat 8 OLI NDVI数据的相关系数不小于0.759,偏差在0.006 2～0.009 4之间,均方根误差在0.074～0.135之间;利用融合数据与CASA模型协同模拟的NPP具有良好的空间细节信息,NPP模拟值与野外实测值决定系数R~2为0.860 1,表明两者具有较好的相关性。本研究为多源遥感影像融合技术与光能利用率模型协同模拟NPP提供了新的思路。     

信息化、社会网络与农户农资购买渠道选择——基于公司直销与农资零售店的比较

农户购买农资时面临多样化的购买渠道,而信息化与社会网络是影响农户农资购买渠道选择的重要因素。本文利用陕西、甘肃、山东和云南四省农户调研数据,比较了公司直销与农资零售店两种购买渠道的差异,运用二元 Logit 模型和中介效应模型,分析信息化与社会网络对农户农资购买渠道选择的影响。结果表明,农户选择公司直销与农资零售店的比例分别为10.1%和89.9%,即大多数农户选择农资零售店购买农资。信息利用对农户选择公司直销渠道具有显著正向影响;从亲戚和朋友两个维度测量社会网络,发现宗族型社会网络对农户选择公司直销渠道产生了正向影响,朋友圈型社会网络影响不显著;农户农资市场信息认知在信息利用促进农户选择公司直销渠道中发挥部分中介效应。因此,政府应加强农村信息基础设施建设,培养农户信息利用能力。公共信息供给过程中扩大宣传对象群体,促使信息在农户社会网络中有效扩散传播。建设农资企业与农户间有效的信息交流平台,打破信息壁垒,从而帮助农户改进农资购买决策。     

Survival and serum biochemical responses of spotted sea bass Lateolabrax maculatus during simulated waterless live transportation

Waterless live fish transportation is an alternative and promising transport strategy, which may reduce shipping costs, increase stocking density and improve survival of some species. Spotted sea bass is one of the most economically important marine fish in China. However, waterless transportation has not yet been studied on spotted sea bass. To explore the possibility of waterless transportation of spotted sea bass and its sublethal stress responses, the survival rate and dynamics of blood biochemical parameters were evaluated in the present study by preserving it under no water, less water and water (control) conditions for 9 hr. The serum biochemical parameters including total protein, cortisol, glucose, lactate, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total carbon dioxide (TCO₂), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), ammonia, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malonaldehyde (MDA) were investigated. Results showed that the survival rates of fish in all groups gradually declined with time increasing. At the end of transportation, the survival rates in the control group, less‐water group and no‐water group decreased to 49.11%, 15.60% and 23.96% respectively. Significant changes were observed in several selected serum biochemical parameters, including glucose, lactate, ALT, TCO₂, BUN and ammonia during simulated waterless transportation, which might negatively affect the physiological homeostasis of fish, leading to the high mortality in present study. In general, waterless transportation of spotted sea bass was possible, but it might be rather suitable for short time than long time.     

Development of a method for live octopus (Octopus vulgaris) transportation for long distance at high densities

The development of new octopus‐based products with a growing economic value ensures the commercial interest of this species, making live octopus export an activity of great interest. The aim of this study was to develop a method for long‐distance transportation of live octopus at high densities. The system was composed by 220‐L tanks with cooling and aeration, where the animals were kept separated from each others. The water temperature was maintained at 10°C, after a decreasing of 1°C/hr. Live octopus transportation was tested for 48 hr at two densities: 50 kg/m³ and 100 kg/m³. During this period, water parameters were monitored. Stress response was evaluated through the analysis of haemolymph, muscle and brain tissues. No mortality was registered after 48 hr for both treatments. In all trials, water quality remained within the normal limits in both densities; there was, however, a significative increase of ammonia levels in the water. Ammonia, dopamine and Hsp70 levels were analysed in the beginning and at the end of the experiment for both densities; however, no significant differences were found among them. In general, this system seems to be a viable solution for live octopus 48‐hr transportation at a density of 100 kg/m³.     

立体绿化集成技术配套产品开发利用研究进展

当前立体绿化在国内多个大中城市中得到了蓬勃发展,促进了相关配套产品的研发和推广应用,同时新型的配套产品又推动了立体绿化的快速发展。本文对华南地区立体绿化基质产品、蓄水种植容器、植被毯、绿墙、生态植被砖等相关配套产品的研发及应用情况展开综述,旨在为今后能更有效地推广立体绿化集成技术及相关产品提供参考。